Meet our grantees
Wild Animal Initiative funds academic research on high-priority questions in wild animal welfare.
The goal of our grants program is to fund research that deepens scientific knowledge of the welfare of wild animals in order to better understand how to improve the welfare of as many wild animals as possible, regardless of what causes the threats to their well-being.
We showcase our grantees and their projects here and continuously update this page as new projects are added.
Acoustic indicators of welfare in neotropical frogs: Calls as early-warning signals of sublethal suffering related to infection and environmental stress
Grantee: Erin Wall
Institution: Wavelength Animal Communication Science and University of Texas at Austin, United States
Project summary
Emerging evidence indicates that frog call characteristics are modulated by environmental and physiological conditions, offering the potential for rapid insights into an individual’s welfare. This project will examine the relationship between environmental conditions, physiology, and behavior to connect indices of welfare to variation in acoustic signals in neotropical frogs in Panama. By linking these measures to natural levels of sublethal infection and variation in environmental conditions, the researchers will aim to identify acoustic signatures of welfare and develop a rapid, non-intrusive welfare detection tool for thousands of species of vocalizing frogs.
Grantee: Erin Wall
Institution: Wavelength Animal Communication Science and University of Texas at Austin, United States
Grant amount: $180,000
Grant type: Fellowship
Focal species: Túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus), hourglass treefrog (Dendropsophus ebraccatus), leaf-litter toad (Rhinella alata), and others
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Herpetology, physiology, animal behavior
Research locations: Canada, Panama, United States
Project summary
Climate change, habitat loss, and infectious disease are creating compounding challenges for frogs, yet we have limited tools to monitor the behavioral and physiological consequences of those challenges, assess frog welfare, or detect sublethal suffering. Emerging evidence indicates that frog call characteristics are modulated by environmental and physiological conditions, offering the potential for rapid insights into an individual’s welfare. This project will examine the relationship between environmental conditions, physiology, and behavior to connect indices of welfare to variation in acoustic signals in neotropical frogs in Panama. By linking these measures to natural levels of sublethal infection and variation in environmental conditions, we aim to identify acoustic signatures of welfare and develop a rapid, non-intrusive welfare detection tool for thousands of species of vocalizing frogs.
Why we funded this project
Along with supporting an early-career researcher, this grant will deliver a behavioral assessment framework and acoustic classifier tool for anurans to deepen our understanding of welfare in this diverse taxon and address the need for evidence-based, scalable welfare assessment methods.
Developing, testing and validating indicators of wild insect welfare
Grantee: Carl Soulsbury
Institution: University of Lincoln, United Kingdom
Project summary
This project aims to develop and validate practical indicators of welfare in wild insects. Working with three common model species — Dubia cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), two-spotted crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus), and carrion beetles — it will measure a suite of behavioral and physiological stress responses including oxidative stress markers, fat reserves via NMR, and movement patterns tracked using AI-assisted video analysis. These measures will be validated against cognitive bias testing to identify which indicators reliably reflect negative welfare. The most field-accessible measures will be applied to wild carrion beetle populations, testing whether lab-derived welfare indicators hold up under natural conditions.
Grantee: Carl Soulsbury
Institution: University of Lincoln, United Kingdom
Grant amount: $92,148
Grant type: Challenge grants
Focal species: Carrion beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides) and others
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Entomology, physiology, animal behavior, cognition
Research location: United Kingdom
Project summary
This project aims to develop and validate practical indicators of welfare in wild insects. Working with three common model species — Dubia cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), two-spotted crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus), and carrion beetles — it will measure a suite of behavioral and physiological stress responses including oxidative stress markers, fat reserves via NMR, and movement patterns tracked using AI-assisted video analysis. These measures will be validated against cognitive bias testing to identify which indicators reliably reflect negative welfare, and the most field-accessible measures will be applied to wild carrion beetle populations, testing whether lab-derived welfare indicators hold up under natural conditions. The goal is a generalizable welfare assessment toolkit that researchers can use across insect taxa in both captive and wild settings.
Why we funded this project
This project provides the first systematic, cross-taxa proof of concept for measuring welfare in wild insects, moving beyond the captive-only focus that has dominated invertebrate welfare research to date. Invertebrates make up the vast majority of animal life on Earth, yet almost nothing is known about their welfare in the wild, so the knowledge generated by this project has the potential to facilitate large-scale impact. Funding this project also deepens our work with an existing grantee.
Find Carl’s other project, studying red foxes and Eurasian hedgehogs, here.
Environmental drivers of welfare in urban rats: A multimodal field study of micro-habitat conditions and affective behavior
Grantee: Emily Mackevicius
Institution: Basis Research Institute, United States
Project summary
This project will investigate how urban micro-habitat conditions shape the affective and social lives of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus). Better tools for understanding rat behavior could support both wild animal welfare science and integrative management practices. The project will first test whether indicators developed in laboratory rodents such as ultrasonic vocalizations, posture, movement, social behavior, and surface temperature can be used to infer affective state and social experience in urban field settings. The team will then model how environmental features predict these indicators, with the goal of identifying urban conditions associated with positive or negative experiences.
Grantee: Emily Mackevicius
Institution: Basis Research Institute, United States
Grant amount: $100,000
Grant type: Challenge grants
Focal species: Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and others
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Wildlife management, physiology, animal behavior
Research location: United States
Project summary
This project will investigate how urban micro-habitat conditions shape the affective and social lives of free-ranging brown rats (Rattus norvegicus). Rats are highly social, intelligent, and abundant animals, and better tools for understanding their behavior could support both wild animal welfare science and integrative management practices. The project will first test whether indicators developed in laboratory rodents such as ultrasonic vocalizations, posture, movement, social behavior, and surface temperature, can be used to infer affective state and social experience in urban field settings. The team will then model how environmental features predict these indicators, with the goal of identifying urban conditions associated with positive or negative experiences.
Why we funded this project
This project addresses a neglected but important question: how fine-scale features of human-built environments shape the subjective experiences of abundant urban animals. The resulting methods could support future welfare studies across sites, cities, and taxa, and provide tools for welfare-aware, evidence-based urban management.
Developing & refining behavioral assays for the measurement of ‘sentient welfare’ in gastropod molluscs
Grantee: Elizabeth Paul
Institution: University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Project summary
Compared to cephalopod mollusks, gastropod mollusks have been neglected in welfare research and public and legislative concern. This project will develop and refine key assays for the behavioral measurement of welfare in two gastropod species: the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) and the common garden snail (Cornu aspersum). The researchers will study the capacities of snails to experience consequences within two hypothesized domains of affective function: the first relating to a Punishment Avoidance System (associated with an animal’s responses to threats and punishments) and the second to a Reward Acquisition System (associated with an animal’s responses to opportunities and rewards).
Grantee: Elizabeth Paul
Institution: University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Grant amount: $49,476
Grant type: Discovery grants
Focal species: Great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), common garden snail (Cornu aspersum)
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Sentience, animal behavior, malacology
Research location: United Kingdom
Project summary
The welfare of cephalopod mollusks is a topic of rapidly increasing scientific and public interest. But to date, their close relatives, the gastropod mollusks, have been almost completely neglected in welfare research, as well as in public and legislative concern. This project will develop and refine key assays for the behavioral measurement of welfare in two gastropod species: the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) and the common garden snail (Cornu aspersum). The researchers will focus on the capacities of snails to experience consequences within two hypothesized domains of affective function — the first relating to a Punishment Avoidance System (PAS; associated with an animal’s responses to threats and punishments) and the second to a Reward Acquisition System (RAS; associated with an animal’s responses to opportunities and rewards).
Why we funded this project
Extensive scientific attention has been paid to the pollutants and other anthropogenic challenges facing gastropod mollusks, but from the point of view of broader environmental damage and effects on vertebrate populations. This project extends that interest to the welfare of gastropod animals themselves. The research team hopes that this project will lead to a larger research program on molluscan welfare.
Validating acoustic monitoring as a non-invasive welfare indicator in urban coyotes: Linking vocalizations to health status, social dynamics, and environmental quality
Grantee: Caroline Rowley
Institution: Duke University, United States
Project summary
Urban coyotes face welfare challenges including disease, parasites, habitat degradation, reliance on anthropogenic food sources, and stress from human-wildlife conflict. This project is a pilot study aimed at validating passive acoustic monitoring as a welfare assessment tool. Data will be collected via GPS collars fitted with microphones, autonomous recording units, thermal camera traps and biological sampling. Using models and machine learning, the researchers will test whether vocal features correlate with established welfare indicators and whether individual coyotes can be identified from their howls alone. The aim is to develop a scalable, non-invasive framework for monitoring the welfare of free-ranging animals.
Grantee: Caroline Rowley
Institution: Duke University, United States
Grant amount: $49,978
Grant type: Discovery grants
Focal species: Eastern coyote (Canis latrans)
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Animal behavior, mammalogy
Research location: United States
Project summary
Coyote populations have expanded dramatically across North America, but population-level success does not necessarily equate to good welfare. Urban coyotes in particular face welfare challenges including disease, parasites, habitat degradation, reliance on anthropogenic food sources, and stress from human-wildlife conflict. This project is a pilot study aimed at validating passive acoustic monitoring as a welfare assessment tool. Data will be collected via GPS collars fitted with microphones, autonomous recording units, thermal camera traps and biological sampling. Using models and machine learning, the researchers will test whether vocal features correlate with established welfare indicators and whether individual coyotes can be identified from their howls alone. The goal is to develop a scalable, non-invasive framework for monitoring the welfare of free-ranging animals.
Why we funded this project
By systematically linking acoustic features of coyote vocalizations to established welfare indicators across multiple domains, this study positions passive acoustic monitoring as a scalable, whole-animal welfare assessment tool that is likely transferable to other similar species using vocalizations for communication.
Comparative assessment of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) welfare in protected, semi-anthropized, and anthropized environments in Argentina
Grantee: Débora Silvia Racciatti
Institution: Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Project summary
This project will assess how different levels of human disturbance are associated with behavioral, physiological, and health-related welfare indicators in capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Using camera traps, direct observations, non-invasive fecal sampling, and body condition assessments, the team will evaluate a suite of indicators and test not only whether they vary in predicted directions across environments, but how consistently they converge across welfare domains, identifying which measures most reliably discriminate conditions of higher versus lower welfare in free-ranging populations.
Grantee: Débora Silvia Racciatti
Institution: Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Grant amount: $45,400
Grant type: Discovery grants
Focal species: Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Human-wildlife conflict, physiology, animal behavior, mammalogy
Research location: Argentina
Project summary
This project compares capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) populations living in protected, semi-anthropized, and highly anthropized environments in Argentina to assess how different levels of human disturbance are associated with behavioral, physiological, and health-related welfare indicators. Using camera traps, direct observations, non-invasive fecal sampling, and body condition assessments, the team will evaluate a suite of indicators and test not only whether they vary in predicted directions across environments, but how consistently they converge across welfare domains, identifying which measures most reliably discriminate conditions of higher versus lower welfare in free-ranging populations. By integrating validated measures into a comparative welfare assessment framework, the project aims to advance the empirical foundations of wild animal welfare science and generate evidence to inform welfare-aware wildlife management and coexistence strategies.
Why we funded this project
This project addresses a critical but underexplored question in wild animal welfare science: how anthropogenic landscape transformations affect not just population-level metrics, but also the welfare of individual wild animals. It provides a methodological proof of concept by evaluating a multi-domain suite of non-invasive behavioral, physiological, and health-related indicators that can be validated under real-world field conditions, explicitly assessing their sensitivity, directionality, and cross-domain convergence across contrasting anthropogenic contexts.
Does DNA methylation reflect environmental and social adversity?
Grantee: Daniel T. Blumstein
Institution: University of California, Los Angeles
Project summary
This project will investigate the welfare effects of early cumulative adversity in free-living yellow-bellied marmots. It will look for associations between the adversity index and behaviors that indicate general wariness (flight initiation distance, time allocated to vigilance while foraging, the propensity to emit alarm calls while foraging); biomarkers that indicate physiological stress (fecal glucocorticoid levels, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios); and two measures of aging (telomere length and DNA methylation). By quantifying these behavioral indices of wariness and the suite of biomarkers that culminate in telomeres and epigenetic state in pups throughout their first year and in older animals throughout their lives, the project will determine whether adverse environmental experiences have immediate and lasting effects on welfare.
Grantees: Daniel T. Blumstein, Emily Renkey
Institution: University of California, Los Angeles, US
Grant amount: $219,900
Grant type: Challenge grants
Focal species: Yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventer)
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Population ecology, genetics/genomics, ecological modeling, physiology
Research locations: United States
Project summary
In humans, early cumulative adversity has demonstrable consequences for health, welfare, and longevity. The welfare consequences of early adversity in wild animals is less well understood, possibly reflecting insufficient measures for assessment. Using a recently validated approach to quantifying cumulative adversity in free-living yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer), this project will investigate the welfare effects of early cumulative adversity. It will look for associations between the adversity index and key behaviors that indicate general wariness (flight initiation distance, time allocated to vigilance while foraging, and the propensity to emit alarm calls while foraging), biomarkers that indicate physiological stress (fecal glucocorticoid levels, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratios), and ultimately, two measures of aging (telomere length and DNA methylation). By quantifying these behavioral indices of wariness and the suite of biomarkers that culminate in telomeres and epigenetic state in pups throughout their first year and in older animals throughout their lives, the project will determine whether adverse environmental experiences have immediate and lasting effects on welfare.
Why we funded this project
This project will add welfare to the research portfolio of a long-running study system of a free-living mammal. It will contribute to understanding the validity of biological aging as a welfare indicator by pairing it with other indicators and a comprehensive dataset of the animals’ adverse early-life experiences.
Stranding: a blessing or a curse? Testing assumptions of fish welfare during habitat fragmentation
Grantee: Laura R. Stein
Institution: University of Oklahoma
Project summary
Fragmentation of freshwater habitats due to drought and heatwaves poses significant risks to aquatic organisms, particularly small fish, who are often overlooked in animal welfare studies. While fragmentation is generally considered detrimental to fish welfare — leading to stress, reduced social interactions, and increased mortality — there is also potential for positive welfare effects, such as reduced predation pressure or temperature-induced metabolic benefits. This project will use threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model system to: 1) validate tests of fish welfare for use in the field (indicators include metabolic scope, cortisol release rate, attention bias, and behavioral expression), and 2) test the hypothesis that fish stranded in fragmented areas experience different welfare outcomes compared to those in connected river regions.
Grantees: Laura R. Stein, Justine Rionach McCarthy
Institution: University of Oklahoma, US
Grant amount: $136,365
Grant type: Challenge grants
Focal species: Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Physiology, animal behavior, ichthyology
Research locations: United States
Project summary
Fragmentation of freshwater habitats due to drought and heatwaves poses significant risks to aquatic organisms, particularly small fish, who are often overlooked in animal welfare studies. While fragmentation is generally considered detrimental to fish welfare — leading to stress, reduced social interactions, and increased mortality — there is also potential for positive welfare effects, such as reduced predation pressure or temperature-induced metabolic benefits. This project will use threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model system to: 1) validate tests of fish welfare for use in the field (indicators include metabolic scope, cortisol release rate, attention bias, and behavioral expression), and 2) test the hypothesis that fish stranded in fragmented areas experience different welfare outcomes compared to those in connected river regions.
Why we funded this project
This project will integrate multiple welfare indicators to evaluate behavioral and physiological responses, contributing to a deeper understanding of how environmental fragmentation impacts individual fish welfare, and developing non-invasive field methods for use on small fish species. This project also supports a Wild Animal Initiative fellow, PhD candidate Rionach McCarthy, who has a strong interest in welfare.
Remote welfare assessment in wildlife using stand-off Raman spectroscopy
Grantees: Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez and Teresa Romero
Institution: University of Lincoln
Project summary
This project aims to develop a stand-off Raman spectroscopy system as a non-invasive tool to assess hormonal levels in wild animals, which can be integrated into welfare assessments. The project also aims to validate under standardized and natural conditions how biomarkers of long-term stress relate to a range of stressors that may affect wild animal welfare. They will use a combination of socio-positive (e.g., play, grooming) and negative (e.g., aggression, screaming) behaviors, indices of social integration, behavioral indicators of anxiety (i.e., self-directed behaviors), and resting behavior, as well as physical indicators of welfare (body condition, instances of injury).
Grantees: Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez and Teresa Romero
Institution: University of Lincoln, UK
Grant amount: $55,519
Grant type: Discovery grants
Focal species: Tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella)
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Physiology, animal behavior
Research locations: United Kingdom, United States
Project summary
To enhance the welfare of wild animals, it is crucial to continuously monitor biomarkers and other metrics that can indicate changes in their welfare. However, this presents the challenge of obtaining repeated measurements from individuals, which often involves capture, restraint, and/or handling — procedures that can have significant negative welfare impacts on free-living wild animals. This project aims to develop a stand-off Raman spectroscopy system as a non-invasive tool to assess hormonal levels in wild animals, which can be integrated into welfare assessments. The project also aims to validate under standardized and natural conditions how biomarkers of long-term stress relate to a range of stressors that may affect wild animal welfare. They will use a combination of socio-positive (e.g., play, grooming) and negative (e.g., aggression, screaming) behaviors, indices of social integration, behavioral indicators of anxiety (i.e., self-directed behaviors), and resting behavior, as well as physical indicators of welfare (body condition, instances of injury).
Why we funded this project
This project builds on a previous WAI-funded project, which validated the use of Raman spectroscopy as an efficient way of testing hormones in hair. It will test whether this method can be used to measure hair cortisol levels from a distance, potentially helping to make the use of this indicator more scalable for long-term monitoring in the field, and reducing the need for distressing or invasive methods for welfare assessment.
Assessing the Impact of Ectoparasites on Nestling Welfare: Validating Behavioral and Physiological Indicators in Darwin’s Finches
Grantee: Sabine Tebbich
Institution: University of Vienna
Project summary
Nestling finches are particularly vulnerable to blood-sucking ectoparasites because they lack the ability to preen, dust-bathe, or escape infested nests. Invasive parasites are especially detrimental to bird welfare because naïve hosts lack behavioral adaptations such as nest sanitation or preening, and hosts often suffer from exceptionally high parasite loads. This project aims to integrate behavioral (breathing rate and sleep duration) and physiological (haematocrit, baseline corticosterone, oxidative stress and telomere length) indicators to assess the welfare impact of the bloodsucking larvae of the avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) on nestlings of Galápagos finches.
Grantee: Sabine Tebbich
Institution: University of Vienna, Austria
Grant amount: $42,000
Grant type: Discovery grants
Focal species: Green warbler-finches (Certhidae olivacea) and small ground finches (Geospiza fuliginosa)
Conservation status: Least concern
Disciplines: Physiology, animal behavior, ornithology, infectious disease
Research locations: Austria, United States, Ecuador
Project summary
Nestling finches are particularly vulnerable to blood-sucking ectoparasites because they lack the ability to preen, dust-bathe, or escape infested nests. Invasive parasites are especially detrimental to bird welfare because naïve hosts lack behavioral adaptations such as nest sanitation or preening, and hosts often suffer from exceptionally high parasite loads. This project aims to integrate behavioral (breathing rate and sleep duration) and physiological (haematocrit, baseline corticosterone, oxidative stress and telomere length) indicators to assess the welfare impact of the bloodsucking larvae of the avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) on nestlings of Galápagos finches.
Why we funded this project
We appreciate the diversity of welfare indicators this project will bring to bear on an important threat to the welfare of juveniles (an especially abundant and neglected life stage) in this species. By examining correlations between these putative welfare indicators, the project will contribute to understanding their validity, both individually and as a combined index, with potential transferability to other species and research questions.